Introduction of superior germplasm dual-purpose Vanaraja breed of poultry helped increase egg and meat production among farmers in Mizoram. Here, Dr Saidur Rahman and Dr Lalhumliana Tochhawng describe these interventions and how it resulted in generation of continuous income, together with knowledge empowerment and self-respect of women poultry rearers in Mizoram.
CONTEXT
Backyard poultry farming is a traditional farming practice in Mizoram practiced from time immemorial by Mizo women. Mizo women rear chickens in their backyard, providing them with homegrown feed and with housing made of cheap and locally available materials such as bamboo, wood, etc. They rear local poultry in their backyards as a secondary source of income and also to provide better nutrition for their families through production of egg and meat. Traditional production system is expedient for two reasons: the availability of free feed resources in the surrounding environment and kitchen leftovers, and use of local breeds that are adapted to their environment along with conserved ability to incubate and brood naturally. However, non-availability of quality chicks, poor reproductive performance, low growth rates, diseases, mortality, predation and meagre level of knowledge among farmers are some of the major constraints in backyard chicken production. Backyard poultry farming that requires hardly any big infrastructure set-up is a potent tool for upliftment of the poorest of the poor. There is need for introduction of improved dual-purpose bird having the capacity to lay more eggs and gain higher body weight than the local or Desi birds, along with capacity building of rural women and support services. A Societal Development Programme entitled, ‘Sustainable Livelihood Generation for Rural Women through Improved Backyard Poultry Farming’ is sponsored by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi. It was implemented by the Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, for improving backyard poultry farming in Mizoram.
GOOD PRACTICES
A. Establishment of Parent Stock of Vanaraja Birds at the College
Parent stock of Vanaraja chicks was maintained at the College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram. These parent stocks of Vanaraja chicks were procured from Project Directorate of Poultry, Hyderabad. The chicks produced were distributed to the 200 women beneficiaries selected for the project. Chicks were also distributed to other villages covered under the Prime Minister’s Flagship programme Mera Gao Mera Gaurav and Krishi Vigyan Kendras of the state.
Parent stock of Vanaraja birds maintained at the college
B. Selection of Villages
The project was implemented in Aizawl and Kolasib districts of Mizoram. Personal visits were made to different villages of the two selected districts, namely Aizawl and Mamit, to select five villages from each district i.e., 10 villages in total, before initiating the project. The villages which had highest women poultry rearers were selected. Initial discussion was conducted with the village leaders, namely, Village Council President (VCP), Young Mizo Association (YMA), MHIP, Zoram Ente Pawl (ZEP) regarding the project and its feasibility. As open rearing and foraging of animals and poultry are not allowed in a few villages, after meticulous discussion with village leaders, the project teams selected the following villages.
Aizawl District | Mamit District |
Kelsih | Nghalchawm village |
Tlangnuam Block Veng | Reiek village |
Hlimen | Lengpui village |
Hualngohmun | Ailawng village |
Phunchawng | Lengte village |
C. Selection of Target Beneficiaries
After preliminary discussion and reactions, 20 women who rear poultry from each village were selected. From these villages, 10 unemployed young women were selected for advanced training on poultry farming, processing and marketing. The young women who received training were referred to as ‘Ar-thian’ (Ar means poultry and Thian means friend). The Ar-thians were trained mainly on skills of giving vaccination, egg candling, brooding and processing, and value addition of poultry products. They were encouraged to sell processed birds, feeds, supplements and minerals to the poultry farmers of the village and nearby areas. They will also vaccinate the birds periodically on a payment basis after the project is over. These activities certainly incentivise the Ar-thians.
Selecting the beneficiaries for the project
D. Nature of Intervention
The selected farm women were trained on poultry farming and management at the village level. They were provided with 20 numbers of Vanaraja chicks initially along with necessary inputs like feeds, feed supplement, and vaccines for initial period. Regular monitoring and providing a support system for the adoption of technologies were given by the project staff and experts from the college. The beneficiaries were helped to redesign their poultry shed with locally available materials. The Ar-thians collected the eggs from the beneficiaries periodically and the project staff used to transport them to the college hatchery. The eggs were marked village-wise and farmers-wise so that there was no mixing of eggs and chicks could be identified when hatched. The women sold the chicks to their fellow farmers. The hatcheries of beneficiaries were maintained in the college which helped the beneficiaries in scaling up their poultry farming.
Redesigned poultry sheds using locally available resources
Distribution of Chicks and Minerals and Supplements
E. Skill Development Programmes
Trainings were organized and conducted for women beneficiaries under the project by the project staff in consultation with the experts from the college. Both on-campus (college) and off-campus (village) trainings were conducted in the selected villages of beneficiaries. They were imparted training on poultry farming and its management, vaccination, processing and marketing in order to enhance their skills. Advanced hands-on trainings on poultry farming were organized for ten Ar-thians so that they can serve others as local service providers in their respective villages and establish a Rural Poultry Resource Centre (RPRC).
Training and interaction with the women poultry rearers
Hands-on trainings on poultry farming to the Ar-thians
Hands-on trainings given to the Ar-thians
F. Establishment of Rural Poultry Resource Centre (RPRC)
The RPRC is established under the project for the benefit of women poultry rearers. One RPRC was established in each village. This RPRC acted as a single window system. It supplied inputs such as chicks, feeds, vaccines, feed supplements, etc., after purchasing it from Aizawl and local markets. They were also involved in collection and marketing of eggs, culled birds and processing. The RPRC acts as an information centre for the poultry farmers of the village. RPRCs were provided with one deep freezer, weighing balance, egg candler, etc. With the benefits of having a RPRC for individual Ar-thians and for other poultry rearing farmers, each Ar-thian under the project was encouraged to establish an RPRC in each village to cater to the needs of the poultry farmers. Initial handholding support was provided under the project and it was further developed and maintained by the Ar-thians. The Ar-thians own the RPRCs in villages.
Distribution of inputs to Rural Poultry Resource Centre / A Rural Poultry Resource Centre
G. Establishment of Rural Hatcheries
The project beneficiaries from the six villages, namely Phunchawng, Lengpui, Reiek, Tlangnuam, Hlimen and Lengte, formed groups and purchased rural hatcheries from their savings facilitated by the project team. They were trained on hatchery management by the project team in the college. They established the hatcheries in their villages and are continuously producing chicks. They sell the chicks to other farmers of the nearby villages. There is great demand for chicks in the villages. It is noticed that farmers booked chicks before they even hatched out. There is no difficulty in getting a market but it is quite difficult to meet the demand. The RPRC and individual farmer hatcheries are trying their best, independently, to meet the demand for chicks. But, in most cases the Ar-thians are also members of the group of farmers managing the hatcheries. Somewhere the collaborative efforts also help them meet market demands. This is helping the beneficiaries to generate additional income and sustain their poultry enterprise.
Rural hatchery managed by women
H. Linkage with NGOs
Collaborative trainings were conducted with KVKs, and NGOs to train personnel to spread the technology to all the districts of the state. The KVKs/NGOs were requested to nominate one or two women farmers to undergo training at the college. There is no formal MOU signed between the college and KVKs. The personal rapport of the Principal Investigator with the KVKs and NGOs helped to train the women farmers nominated from KVKS/NGOs. After training, the trained women under the project encouraged to open improved backyard poultry farming or RPRC in collaboration and consultation with the institute.
Training of women entrepreneurs from different districts of Mizoram to establish Rural Poultry Resource Centres
CHALLENGES
The major challenges faced during implementation of the project included the following:
- Frequent occurrence of diseases;
- Low knowledge and skill on poultry production and management;
- Inadequate or no forward and backward linkages;
- Predators, particularly dogs and cats – during foraging birds become vulnerable to predators;
- Non-availability of vaccine and other medicines.
The following strategies were adopted to address some of these challenges:
- To minimize disease occurrence, mainly Ranikhet and Fowl Pox, the birds were vaccinated periodically with the help of Ar-thians. Beneficiaries were asked to deworm the birds regularly. They were sensitized on importance of maintaining bio-security in the units;
- The beneficiaries constructed enclosures for the birds to prevent predators from entering and to restrict the movement of birds to others’ agricultural fields;
- The RPRCs are established with the active participation and consent of the beneficiaries. Mini Hatcheries were procured from one innovator located in Guwahati, Assam, to support the beneficiaries.
IMPACT ON LIVELIHOOD OF THE BENEFICIARIES AFTER INTERVENTION
i. Generation of Income: Each beneficiary generated additional income by selling eggs, chicks and adult birds for meat.
ii. Knowledge improvement, attitude and practice: There is perceptible improvement in knowledge of beneficiaries on poultry farming due to hands-on training and regular extension contact.
iii. Economic empowerment: Backyard poultry farming is a source of income, as well as an emergency source of cash for medical treatment, school fees, etc.
iv. Food and Nutritional security: Apart from sale, families regularly consume eggs, providing nutrition for children, and consumption of birds contribute to greater food security at the household level.
v. Self-esteem and social empowerment: Owning, controlling and benefiting from poultry production and marketing increase women’s self-esteem and strengthen their role as producers and income generators within the household and in the community.
vi. Access to credit: Better income and ownership of assets increases the likelihood of gaining access to credit from financial institutes.
An old lady with birds (left) / harvesting eggs (right)
Performance after Intervention
Productive performance | Before intervention | After intervention |
Age at 1st laying | 7.5 months | 5.7 months |
Adult body weight of male birds | 2.0 kg | 3.89 kg |
Adult body weight of female birds | 1.5 kg | 2.45 kg |
Egg weight | 51.9 gm | 55.30 gm |
Egg production per bird | 72 nos. | 139 nos. |
Backyard poultry units in villages
Economics of a Poultry Unit with 20 birds
Fixed cost | Rs. 500.00/- | Total Return | Rs. 30,600.00/- |
Variable cost | Rs. 11,200/- | Net Income /bird | Rs. 930.00/- |
Total cost of production | Rs. 11,700/- | Net Income | Rs. 18,600.00/- |
Cost of production per bird | Rs. 585/- | Benefit-Cost Ratio (B:C) | 2.61 |
backyard poultry units in villages
Storing and collecting eggs for marketing
Harvesting eggs
Success StoryMrs Lalthlamuani, a 49-year-old homemaker has a family of five members. Looking after her three children, she started a backyard poultry with 20 Vanaraja chicks under a DBT-sponsored project on a small patch of land near her house by the end of 2016. She was motivated by her friend, Mrs Vanlalhriati, who was placed in the village as a farmers’ friend, that is an Arthian, whose success and income generated interest among the villagers. Since receiving the chicks, she has been continuously rearing them till date (May 2021). She is part of an SHG ‘Vanaraja Lover Group’ formed in Rejek village. Presently, 14 members are running the SHG (2020-21). The SHG members purchased a Rural Hatchery Unit in 2017, which is looked after by the SHG. Mrs Lalthlamuani is now the President of the SHG. The members hatch eggs from time to time for sale of chicks as well as for replacement of stock/increasing flock size. The SHG members bring their eggs for hatching and after incubation, the hatched chicks are taken from their own eggs by paying Rs. 20 per chick to compensate for the electricity charges incurred towards egg incubation. Success of Mrs Lalthlamuani Backyard poultry unit of Mrs Lalthlamuani |
APPLIED VALUE OF THE PROJECT
a) The project helped to train 200 farm women in poultry rearing and they are rearing superior birds and thereby improving the livelihood of the farmers.
b) The project helped to generate income among the farmers through poultry farming.
c) Technical knowledge gained by farmers through the project helped the farmers to rear poultry in a scientific way.
d) The Ar-thians are providing help to other villages who are also rearing birds.
LESSON LEARNED AND WAY FORWARD
i. Establishment of rural hatcheries in a cluster of villages: There are no private hatcheries in the state. The only hatchery of the State Department situated at Aizawl cannot cater to the needs of all the poultry farmers of the state. To supply quality chicks to the farmers, establishment of rural hatcheries in a cluster of 3-5 villages is a viable option.
ii. Continuous supply of vaccines in the face of disease outbreaks: It has been observed that there are frequent outbreaks of diseases like Ranikhet, Fowl Pox in the state due to the import of birds from neighbouring states. The vaccines are not available in the market. The supply of vaccines and timely vaccination is crucial for the survival of the poultry sector in the state.
iii. Strengthening poultry producer cooperative system: To facilitate supply of quality feed, medicines, and vaccines at proper price, there is an urgent need to strengthen the poultry producers’ cooperative system in the state. A strong cooperative system can safeguard the smallholders in the state.
iv. Sustainability of the initiative: The selection of right beneficiaries is very important for success. Continuous monitoring and motivation is key to successful implementation of the project. The beneficiaries require not only technical advice but information about inputs too. Providing linkage to input dealers and market information is very important for sustainability of the programme.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support extended by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, and support and guidance extended by the Dean, College of Veterinary Sciences & AH, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram.
Dr Saidur Rahman, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram. (Email- saidur14@rediffmail.com, saidur73.sr@gmail.com)
Dr Lalhumliana Tochhawng, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram. (Email- humliana2vet@gmail.com)
I appreciate the efforts of Drs. Rahman and Tochhawng In implementing a BYP project to improve the economic and nutritional situation of 200 farm women. The following are my observations:
1.Vanaraja birds are not self-sustaining unlike desi birds. In rearing these birds( any improved BYP birds), the dependence on external inputs is very high. Every time we need to supply chicks, feed, medicines, vaccines etc. It does not serve any purpose in getting the eggs of these birds hatched and sell to other people.
2. The price charged for hatching an egg was Rs.20 which is very high by any standards. If the price of egg is included, the cost of the chick works out to Rs.40/- Instead it is wiser and better to supply quality chicks from the institutions where mother stock is maintained. These institutions supply day old chicks @ Rs. 15 plus transport.
3. It is better to indicate the mortality rate as these birds do not have the agility to escape from predators. Similarly, it is necessary to indicate the age at which these chicks were supplied i.e day old or 6 week old.
Response from the author: “I sincerely thank Dr. S V N Rao Sir for critical inputs on my article and works. I would like to add following points for more clarity
1. Sir has rightly mentioned that rearing of Vanaraja Birds highly dependent on external inputs. To overcome this, initially the beneficiaries were provided with feeds, medicines, etc. Though it is known that hatching of eggs of the vanaraja birds is not economic, but we tried and found some good results. More over in few villages parent stock of 10-20 birds were kept on farmers house. The women utilised the hatcheries for hatching eggs of quails, Zo-Ar (Mizo local birds).
2. The prices charged for hatching apparently seems to be high. The present rate for one chicks in market 9Aizawl) is Rs.60 to Rs.65. In govt. hatchery (Presently only one) the price is Rs.45 per chick. The amount collected for hatching the eggs are also utilized for members welfare.
3, To prevent the mortality at initial stage, the chicks were reared in the Institute for 3-4 weeks before distribution to the beneficiaries. It reduced the mortality rate. But in field condition mortality was high upto 20%.
I again appreciate the comments of Rao Sir. I do acknowledge that popularizing backyard poultry in villages is a great challenge and even more tough to make it sustainable”.
Thanks for sending me the clarification from Dr.Rahman. I suggest the following:
1. The poultry farmers should be given the choice to choose either Vanaraja or Local birds. But the farmers should be given complete details i.e advantages, disadvantages and conditions required to rear these birds which help them to take appropriate decisions.
2. It is good they are using hatcheries to hatch local birds and I wish they should popularise the local birds for their obvious advantages including their conservation
3. If the farmers are trained properly it is possible for the farmers to rear day old chicks which help reduce the financial burden on the government institutions. The practice to give 4 weeks or 6 weeks birds free of cost or at subsidy must be slowly discontinued.
4. Continue this project as it is giving very good results”